To power industrial processes like the making of chemicals, the smelting of metals or the production of microchips, we need a renewable source of thermal energy.
From the 1870s onwards, pedals and cranks were attached to tools like lathes, saws, grinders, shapers, tool sharpeners and to boring, drilling and cutting machines.
The possibilities of pedal power largely exceed the use of the bicycle.
The present approach to pedal power results in highly inefficient machines.
Modern thermal underclothing offers the possibility to turn the thermostat much lower without sacrificing comfort or sex appeal.
Cargo tramways can be fully or partly powered by gravity, and some deliver excess power that can be utilized to generate electricity or to drive cranes or machinery in nearby factories
During the last quarter of the 19th century, a radically improved generation of tools appeared.
Boat mills, bridge mills and hanging mills were almost as widespread as windmills.
The human power required to achieve a speed of 30 km/h in a velomobile is only 79 watts, compared to 271 watts on a normal bicycle.
Flushing the water closet wreaks ecological havoc, deprives agricultural soils of essential nutrients and makes food production dependent on fossil fuels.
Estimates about the fuel efficiency of aircraft ignore the record of the pre-jet era.
Ropewalk factories are some of the most remarkable industrial workshops and buildings in history.